1974年,葡萄牙经历了“康乃馨革命(Revolução dos Cravos)”,随后葡萄牙的海外殖民地逐一独立。此后葡萄牙的经济模式也发生了巨大变化,从原来以农业为主的经济转变为以服务业为主的现代化经济。2008年以来,葡萄牙受到国际金融危机影响,经济遭到重创,好在有“三驾马车”等国际救助和内部改革,在2014年有所好转,不再需要救助。根据世界银行发布的“经商容易度”指标(Ease of Doing Business),截至2018年3月25日,葡萄牙的“经商容易度”指数排名世界第29,其中“跨境贸易”指标排名世界第一,“合同执行”和“破产处理”指标分别排名世界第19和15。中国大陆的总排名为世界第78。
葡萄牙人总体上相对保守,有种家长式的商务文化,自上而下等级森严。在葡萄牙,最稳固的商业关系往往建立在个人信任之上,这导致裙带主义盛行,很多人认为“关系”就是优势,所以在葡萄牙做生意,跟葡国人维护好个人关系还挺重要的。
葡萄牙人重视商务礼节,刚认识时,除非对方说只叫名字就行,否则最好用先生(Señhor)/女士(Señhora)称呼。而对于级别较高的人士,葡萄牙的习惯做法是区别对待、特殊照顾。
商务会面最好提前预约,免得跟家庭假日或宗教假日(圣诞节、复活节等)安排相冲突。他们的工作时间大概是8:30-13:00,15:00-18:00,在工作日,上班族一般下了班就回家,到了周末才社交聚会。
企业做决定时,往往是领导说了算,然后自上而下通知,下属照着做。很多葡萄牙人英语还不错,特别是年青人,即使英语是商务语言,但是如果您要跟葡萄牙公司开会,最好把会议文件提前翻译成葡语,开会谈判,为了避免耽误事,您也最好提前订好口译员陪同。如需葡语翻译,请您提前“联系我们”预约。商务会议着装一定要非常正式,不能“稍微”正式或“差不多就行了”。
如果您准备了小礼物,最好不要在商务会议上给,那样可能不太合适。如果有人邀请您去家里,那么最好带点小礼物,比如葡萄酒、糖果或者鲜花,但是鲜花不要送百合花或菊花,那是葬礼用的。注意:葡萄牙人认为数字13代表运气不好,所以您的礼物别“整好”凑成13个。
从2017年上半年的数据上看,葡萄牙进口的前三大类商品为机电产品、运输设备和矿产品,合计占葡萄牙进口总额的42.4%。分别增长14.6%、5.4%和41.2%。另外,贱金属及制品的进口额增幅明显,增长20.6%。中国是葡萄牙第6大进口来源地,其中葡萄牙自中国的进口商品主要为机电产品、纺织品及原料和贱金属及制品,合计占葡萄牙自中国进口商品总额的57.3%,这些产品在葡萄牙进口市场中分别占有16.6%、5.9%和8.2%的份额。而家电、玩具、杂项制品进口额占比5.9%,同比增长11.5%,活动物、动物产品进口额占比4.7%,同比增长24.7%。
中国企业在葡萄牙市场面临多方挑战,欧盟的企业在市场、文化、地理位置上都有优势,同时同为欧盟国家,商品没有进口税。但是葡萄牙这个市场很重要,第一,葡萄牙是欧盟国家,2011年后葡萄牙开始大力吸引外资,这为中国商品进入欧洲其他国家市场提供便利;第二,葡萄牙语是世界第六大语言,葡萄牙人口总数虽只有1千多万,但算上葡萄牙前殖民地,葡语总人数达到近2亿8千万。其西南方向的巴西人口总数为2亿多,东南方向的安哥拉近3千万、莫桑比克2千6百多万;第三,葡萄牙是距离美国、加拿大最近的欧盟国家。
1. Bom dia/Boa tarde/Boa noite — Good morning/afternoon/night
2. Olá — Hello
3. Oi — Hi
4. Alô/Está lá — Hello (on the phone)
注意:前面巴西常用,后面葡萄牙常用。
5. Tchau — Bye
6. Até logo! — See you later!
7. Até amanhã — See you tomorrow
8. Adeus — Goodbye (formal)
9. Tudo bem? — How are you?
10. Como vai? — How’s it going?
11. Eu estou bem, e você/e tú? — I’m good, how are you?
注意:e você? 相当于英语“and you?” ,在巴西常用。 E tú? 在葡萄牙常用, 但在巴西也有人这么说。
Good manners always make a positive impression. If you’re ever traveling to Brazil or Portugal, these terms will help prevent any cultural misunderstandings that might arise from basic etiquette:
12. Por favor — Please
In Brazil, por favor is also commonly used in the same way that “excuse me” is said in English when you’re trying to politely grab someone’s attention.
13. Com licença — Excuse me
14. Obrigado/Obrigada — Thank you
注意 obrigado 是阳性词,因此由男性使用; obrigada 是阴性,女性使用。
15. De nada — You’re welcome
16. Desculpa/Desculpe — I’m sorry
Both are a variation of the same thing, though desculpe is slightly more formal.
17. Perdão — Forgive me/pardon me
18. Prazer — Nice to meet you
19. O senhor/a senhora — Formal way of saying “you” when addressing a man (senhor) or a woman (senhora)
For example: O senhor/a senhora poderia me ajudar? — Would you be able to help me?
There’s no shame in asking for help when you need it. In fact, it’s all part of the learning experience.
If you’re talking to a native Portuguese speaker, use these phrases to aid your comprehension:
20. (Você/O senhor/A senhora) Fala inglês? — Do you speak English?
In Portugal, just saying Fala inglês? will suffice. In Brazil, it’s more common to precede with você or, if appropriate, the more formal versions of “you.”
21. Alguém aqui fala inglês? — Does anyone here speak English?
22. Não compreendo — I don’t understand
23. Eu compreendo — I understand
24. Não entendi — I didn’t understand [what you said]
25. Entendi — I understood/I understand (the past in this sense is used as an affirmation)
26. Eu não sei — I don’t know
27. Como se diz… em Português? — How do you say … in Portuguese?
28. Fale mais devagar, por favor — Please speak more slowly
Traveling to Brazil or Portugal? Then these questions will definitely help you along the way. This is by no means a comprehensive list, but it’ll help you get started:
29. Onde é o banheiro? — Where is the bathroom? (Brazilian Portuguese)
30. Onde fica a casa de banho? — Where is the bathroom? (European Portuguese)
31. Quanto custa? — How much does this cost?
32. Que horas são? — What time is it?
33. Que horas abre/fecha? — What time does this place open/close?
An alternative to this is: Que horas vocês abrem/fecham? — What time do you open/close?
34. Para onde vai esse trem/ônibus? — Where does this train/bus go?
35. Como chego ao (à)… — How do I get to…?
Grammar note: use ao for masculine nouns, à for feminine.
For instance: Como chego à estação de trem? — How do I get to the train station?; Como chego ao ponto de ônibus? — How do I get to the bus stop?
36. Você pode me mostrar no mapa? — Could you show me on the map [where this is]?
37. Qual é o seu nome? — What is your name?
38. Me chamo… — My name is…
An alternative to this is: Meu nome é…
39. Estou com saudades/Tenho saudades — I miss you (Brazilian/European Portuguese respectively)
40. Eu estou doente — I’m sick
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